سفوکل (Cefokel)

ترکیب دارویی :
هر میلی لیتر حاوی
سفتیوفور(هیدروکلراید) 50 mg
اکسپیان روغنی تا حجم یک میلی لیتر
موارد مصرف :
گاو: در عفونت هایی که باکتریهای مسبب آن نسبت به سفتیوفور حساس هستند موثر می باشد.
برای درمان بیماریهای باکتریایی تنفسی ناشی از
Pasteurella Multocida, Mannheimia Haemolytica, Haemophilus Somnus
برای درمان نکرو باسیلوز بین انگشتی حاد (گندیدگی سم) ناشی از
(Fusobacterium Necrophorum, Bacteroides Melaninogenicus (phrophyromonas Asaccharolytica
برای درمان متریت حاد باکتریایی بعد از زایمان (ظرف ۱۰ روز بعد از زایمان) ناشی از
Escherichia Coli, Arcanobacterium Pyogenes, Fusobacterium Necrophorum

میزان مصرف:
طبق نظر دامپزشک
بیماریهای تنفسی: یک میلیلیتر در روز به ازای ۵۰ کیلوگرم وزن بدن به مدت ۳- ۵ روز
نکروباسیلوز بین انگشتی حاد: یک میلی لیتر در روز به ازای ۵۰ کیلوگرم وزن بدن به مدت ۳ روز
متریت حاد پس از زایمان: یک میلیلیتر در روز به ازای ۵۰ کیلوگرم وزن بدن به مدت ۵ روز متوالی طی دوره ۱۰ روز پس از زایمان

بسته بندی:
ویال ۱۰۰ میلی لیتری

Cefokel 50mg/ml Suspension for Injection for Pigs and Cattle 100ml.

Target species
Pigs and cattle.
Indications for use, specifying the target species
Infections associated with bacteria sensitive to ceftiofur:

In pigs:
For the treatment of bacterial respiratory disease associated with Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Streptococcus suis.

In cattle:
For the treatment of bacterial respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica (previously Pasteurella haemolytica), Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni (previously Haemophilus somnus).

For the treatment of acute interdigital necrobacillosis (panaritium, foot rot), associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus (Porphyromonas asaccharolytica).

For treatment of the bacterial component of acute post-partum (puerperal) metritis within 10 days after calving associated with Escherichia coli, Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Fusobacterium necrophorum, sensitive to ceftiofur. The indication is restricted to cases where treatment with another antimicrobial has failed.

Contraindications
Do not administer to an animal previously found to be hypersensitive to ceftiofur and other   -lactam antibiotics.
Do not inject intravenously.
Do not use in cases where resistance to other cephalosporins or beta-lactam antibiotics has occurred.
Do not use in poultry (including eggs) due to risk of spread of antimicrobial resistance to humans.

Special warnings for each target species
None
Special precautions for use
Special precautions for use in animals

This veterinary medicinal product does not contain any antimicrobial preservative.

The product selects for resistant strains such as bacteria carrying extended spectrum betalactamases (ESBL) and may constitute a risk to human health if these strains disseminate to humans e.g. via food. For this reason, the product should be reserved for the treatment of clinical conditions which have responded poorly, or are expected to respond poorly (refers to very acute cases when treatment must be initiated without
bacteriological diagnosis) to first line treatment. Official, national and regional antimicrobial policies should be taken into account when the product is used. Increased use, including use of the product deviating from the instructions given in the SPC, may increase the prevalence of such resistance.
Whenever possible, the product should only be used based on susceptibility testing.
The product is intended for treatment of individual animals. Do not use for disease prevention or as a part of herd health programmes. Treatment of groups of animals should be strictly restricted to ongoing disease outbreaks according to the approved conditions of use.

Do not use as prophylaxis in case of retained placenta.

Special precautions to be taken by the person administering the medicinal product to the animals
Penicillins and cephalosporins may cause hypersensitivity (allergy) following injection, inhalation, ingestion or skin contact. Hypersensitivity to penicillins may lead to cross reactions to cephalosporins and vice versa. Allergic reactions to these substances may occasionally be serious.

Do not handle this product if you know you are sensitised, or if you have been advised not to work with such preparations.
Handle this product with great care to avoid exposure. Wash hands after use.

If you develop symptoms following exposure such as a skin rash, you should seek medical advice and show the doctor this warning.

Swelling of the face, lips or eyes or difficulty with breathing are more serious symptoms and require urgent medical attention.

Adverse reactions (frequency and seriousness)
Hypersensitivity reactions unrelated to dose can occur. Allergic reactions (e.g. skin reactions, anaphylaxia) may occasionally occur. In case of the occurrence of allergic reaction the treatment should be withdrawn.
In pigs, mild reactions at the injection site, such as discoloration of the fascia or fat, have been observed in some animals for up to 20 days after injection.
In cattle, mild inflammatory reactions at the injection site, such as tissue oedema and discoloration of the subcutaneous tissue and/or fascial surface of the muscle may be observed. Clinical resolution is reached in most animals by 10 days after injection although slight tissue discoloration may persist for 28 days or more.

Use during pregnancy, lactation or lay
Even though studies in laboratory animals show no evidence of teratogenesis, abortion or influence on reproduction, the reproductive safety of ceftiofur has not been specifically investigated in pregnant sows or cows.
Use only according to a benefit/risk assessment by the responsible veterinarian

Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
The bactericidal properties of ?-lactams are neutralised by simultaneous use of bacteriostatic antibiotics (macrolides, sulphonamides and tetracyclines).

Amounts to be administered and administration route
Pigs:
3 mg ceftiofur /kg bw/day for 3 days via intramuscular route, i.e. 1 ml/16 kg bw
at each injection.

Cattle:
Respiratory disease: 1 mg ceftiofur /kg bw/day for 3 to 5 days by subcutaneous
injection, i.e. 1 ml/50 kg bw at each injection.
Acute interdigital necrobacillosis: 1 mg/kg bw/day for 3 days by subcutaneous
injection, i.e. 1 ml/50 kg bw at each injection.
Acute post-partum metritis within 10 days after calving: 1 mg/kg bw/day for 5
consecutive days by subcutaneous injection, i.e. 1 ml/50 kg bw at each injection.

Before use, shake the bottle vigorously for at least 30 seconds until the product
appears adequately resuspended. Following shaking the bottle should be visually
examined to ensure that the product is brought back into suspension. The
absence of settled material can be confirmed by inverting the vial and viewing
the contents through the base of the vial.

The recommended maximum volume to be administered at a single injection site
is 4 ml in pigs and 6 ml in cattle. Subsequent injections must be given at
different sites.
The vial cannot be broached more than 66 times.

In case of acute post-partum metritis, additional supportive therapy might be
required in some cases.

Overdose (symptoms, emergency procedures, antidotes), if necessary
The low toxicity of ceftiofur has been demonstrated in pigs using ceftiofur sodium at doses in excess of 8 times the recommended daily dose of ceftiofur intramuscularly administered for 15 consecutive days.
In cattle, no signs of systemic toxicity have been observed following substantial parenteral overdosages

Withdrawal period(s)
Pigs:
Meat and offal: 5 days.

Cattle:
Meat and offal: 8 days.
Milk: zero hours

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Pharmacotherpautic group: Antibacterials for systemic use, third-generation cephalosporins
ATC Vet Code: QJ01DD90

Pharmacodynamic properties
Ceftiofur is a third generation of cephalosporin, which is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including ?-lactamase producing strains (except strains producing some type of extended spectrum betalactamases).
Ceftiofur inhibits the bacterial cell wall synthesis, thereby exerting bactericidal properties.
Beta-lactams act by interfering with synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Cell wall synthesis is dependent on enzymes that are called penicillin-binding proteins (PBP's). Bacteria develop resistance to cephalosporins by four basic mechanisms: 1) altering or acquiring penicillin binding proteins insensitive to an otherwise effective   -lactam; 2) altering the permeability of the cell to  -lactams; 3) producing  -lactamases that cleave the   -lactam ring of the molecule, or 4) active efflux.
Some   -lactamases, documented in Gram-negative enteric organisms, may confer elevated MICs to varying degrees to third and fourth generation cephalosporins, as well as penicillins, ampicillins,   -lactam inhibitor combinations, and first and second generation cephalosporins.
Ceftiofur is active against the following microorganisms which are involved in respiratory diseases in pigs: Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Streptococcus suis. Bordetella bronchiseptica is intrinsically non-susceptible to ceftiofur.
It is also active against bacteria involved in respiratory disease in cattle: Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica (former Pasteurella haemolytica), Histophilus somni (former Haemophilus somnus); bacteria involved in acute bovine foot rot (interdigital necrobacillosis) in cattle: Fusobacterium necrophorum, Bacteroides melaninogenicus (Porphyromonas asaccharolytica); and bacteria associated with acute post-partum (puerperal) metritis in cattle: Escherichia coli, Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Fusobacterium necrophorum.
The MIC data below represents EU isolate datasets over a particular time period. As the situation can differ both geographically and time dependently, strains of some bacteria listed may show development towards higher MIC90 values and could produce extended spectrum beta-lactamases. It could in some cases have an impact on clinical response to the treatment. Therefore, recommendations listed in point 4.5 should be thoroughly followed.

Pigs
Organism (number of isolates) MIC range (µg/mL) MIC90 (µg/mL)
A. pleuropneumoniae (28)   0.03*   0.03
Pasteurella multocida (37)   0.03 - 0.13   0.03
Streptococcus suis (227) 0.002 -  8 0.25

Cattle
Organism (number of isolates) MIC range (µg/mL) MIC90 (µg/mL)
Mannheimia spp. (87)   0.03*   0.03
P.multocida (42)   0.03 - 0.12   0.03
H.somnus (24)   0.03*   0.03
Arcanobacterium pyogenes (123)   0.03 - 0.5 0.25
Escherichia coli (188) 0.13 - > 32.0 0.5
Fusobacterium necrophorum (67)(isolates from cases of foot rot)   0.06 - 0.13 ND
Fusobacterium necrophorum (2)(isolates from cases of acute metritis)   0.03 - 0.06 ND

*No range; all isolates yielded the same value. ND: not determined.

The following breakpoints are recommended by CLSI for bovine and porcine
respiratory pathogens currently on the label:

Zone Diameter (mm) MIC (?g/mL) Interpretation
? 21 ? 2.0 (S) Susceptible
18 - 20 4.0 (I) Intermediate
? 17 ? 8.0 (R) Resistant

No breakpoints have been determined to date for the pathogens associated with
foot rot or acute post-partum metritis in cows.

Pharmacokinetic properties
After administration, ceftiofur is quickly metabolised to desfuroylceftiofur, the principal active metabolite.
Desfuroylceftiofur has an equivalent anti-microbial activity to ceftiofur against the bacteria involved in respiratory disease in animals. The active metabolite is reversibly bound to plasma proteins. Due to transportation with these proteins, the metabolite concentrates at a site of infection, is active and remains active in the presence of necrotic tissue and debris.

In pigs given a single intramuscular dose of 3 mg/kg body weight (bw), maximum plasma concentrations of 7.20 ± 0.52 µg/mL were reached after 2 hour; the terminal elimination half-life (t½) of desfuroylceftiofur was 14.1 ± 2.8 hours. No accumulation of desfuroylceftiofur has been observed after a dose of 3 mg ceftiofur/kg bw/day administered daily over 3 days. The elimination occurred mainly via the urine (more than 70 %). Average recoveries in faeces accounted for approximately 12-15 % of the drug. Ceftiofur is completely bioavailable following intramuscular administration. After a single 1 mg/kg dose given subcutaneously to cattle, maximum plasma levels of 4.29 ± 0.73 µg/mL are reached within 2 hours after administration. In healthy cows, a Cmax of 2.25 ± 0.79 µg/mL was reached in the endometrium 5 ± 2 hours after a single administration. Maximum concentrations reached in caruncles and lochiae of healthy cows were 1.11 ± 0.24 µg/mL and 0.98 ± 0.25 µg/mL, respectively. The terminal elimination half-life (t½) of desfuroylceftiofur in cattle is 15.7 ± 4.2 hours. No accumulation was observed after a daily treatment over 5 days. The elimination occurred mainly via the urine (more than 55 %); 31 % of the dose was recovered in the faeces. Ceftiofur is completely bioavailable following subcutaneous administration.

PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
List of excipients
Ethyl oleate

Incompatibilities
In the absence of compatibility studies this veterinary medicinal product must not be mixed with other veterinary medicinal products.

Shelf-life
Shelf-life of the veterinary medicinal product as packaged for sale: 3 years.  
Shelf-life after first opening of the immediate packaging: 28 days.

Special precautions for storage
Do not refrigerate or freeze.
Keep the vial in the outer carton in order to protect from light.

Nature and composition of immediate packaging
Colourless glass type I vial of 100 ml, closed with grey coated bromobutyl rubber
stoppers and aluminium caps.
Vials are individually packed in a carton box.
One, six, ten or twelve vials are grouped as a clinical pack.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

Special precautions for the disposal of unused veterinary medicinal product or waste materials derived from the use of such products
Any unused veterinary medicinal product or waste materials derived from such veterinary medicinal product should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.